Teen Pregnancy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Teen Pregnancy - Research Paper Example The United States has the highest number of teen pregnancy in the world with recent statistics revealing that nearly 46% of teenagers in the ages of 15-19 have indulged in sex (Teen pregnancy statistics). In order to reduce this growing rate of teenage pregnancy, abstinence from sex is widely recommended for teenagers by many conservative politicians and health personal by educating teenagers about the effects of pre-marital sexual practices. However, many pediatricians and health counselors have expressed that mere teaching of sexual abstinence would not be sufficient and have recommended that teenagers should have access to birth control and emergency contraceptive options which would be helpful, especially in cases where the teenager was forced in to sex. (Teen pregnancy statistics). Hence, despite the various views expressed teenage pregnancy can be effectively controlled and managed through adequate knowledge about sexual practices and access to birth control measures in additio n to sexual abstinence. At a younger age the sexual intercourse is mostly non-voluntary or unwanted (Teen pregnancy statistics; Facts on American; Tanne, 2005). And such unprotected, unwanted sex increases the risk of pregnancy or being affected with sexually transmitted diseases (Facts on American). Teen pregnancy not only affects the physical and mental strength of the teenagers, the children born to such teenagers also suffer from problems such as low-birth weight and tend to perform less well in school compared to children born to adult mothers (Teen pregnancy statistics). People, who believe that sexual abstinence is the only best way to reduce the occurrence of teenage pregnancy, stress that it is better not to teach teenagers more than what is required about sex as it would only result in an increased involvement towards sexual practices. Rearing a teenager with the right family values will definitely help to alleviate unnecessary thoughts about sex and sexual activities at a

BP and US Government Negotiations Analysis

BP and US Government Negotiations Analysis Zacharia Dainkeh An evaluation and critical analysis of the decision making process and the negotiations and agreement between BP and the US government including other relevant parties positions regarding the out of court settlement with respect to the Deepwater Horizon BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in the United States of America On the 20th of April 2010, the Golf of Mexico was rocked by an explosion from the Deepwater Horizon oil platform, and caused serious environmental and economic damage. In response BP provided a swift response to remedy the crisis by employing the services of Entrix, a renowned environmental consulting firm in the United States to evaluate the oil spill impact. Since Entrix is specialised in assessing crisis such as the impact such as the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Even though the U. S. administration attempted to distance itself from British Petroleum in handling of the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico,   the willingness for both parties to work together in assessing the nature and scope of the level of harm caused by oil spill, shows as a notable exception. BP is a British owned MNC/oil company that leased the Deepwater Horizon rig, owned and operated by Transocean, an offshore drilling oil company. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is as of yet the biggest environmental disaster to have rocked the United States in its history. That precipitated scores of negotiations to settle financial claims of the affected parties, immediately after BP had claimed responsibility. Taken together, the rulings meant that BP was on the hook for a fine of up to $13.7 billion under the Clean Water Act alone. Billions more could be levied from a federal Resource Natural Damage Assessment. Following the 2010 catastrophic BP oil spill off the coast of New Orleans, in the Gulf of Mexico, which instantaneously led to a criminal investigation by the U.S Department of Justice? It would be recalled that this dreadful event induced a quagmire of complex legal proceedings against BP, Transocean and Anadarko for a violation of two Federal Acts of government. At the initial stage the path towards settlement was doubtful, after the September 2014 ruling, during which BP was held to be grossly negligent It was estimated that over 3.19 million barrels of oil was spilled from the disaster off the coastal areas of Southern United States in the Gulf of Mexico. the Clean Water and Oil Pollution respectively. By and large, the rationale of this paper will critically focus to unravel the complexity of the decision making and negotiating process(s) that eventually yielded a compensation settlement to those affected. Beach defines negotiations as actions aimed at helping the parties in a n egotiation to overcome high transaction costs, enabling the achievement of mutually acceptable outcomes that would otherwise not be reached. (Beach, 2012). It is the responsibility of senior management leaders to facilitate negotiations in times particularly in time of crisis, which is considered as part of a strategic management decision making process and shaping the agenda by determining relevant issues to be discussed. Before then, a risk assessment should have been done which will provide an advance warning of any unknown or known recommendation in preparation for the negotiating team of respective parties. The first section seek to identify the relevant parties to the negotiated agreement between British Petroleum (BP) and the (U. S. Department of Justice (USDOJ), which includes relevant claimants and the purported parties responsible for the damaged and the two main dominant party of the final negotiations that derived from the Deep-water Horizon oil spill. This case study will proffer unravel how wide range of issues are addressed in the current literatures of oil spill devastations in relation to the negotiations process and application of the definition and relevant theory to this case study with a supporting argument to justify the dominant party position. The second part of this paper an attempt to illustrate and describe alternative perspectives and approaches that could have been explore by other relevant parties to improved their bargaining outcome that may have reduce or prevent the scale of relative dominance observed as displayed in the decision making and negotiating process that eventually resulted to the structured settlement reached in this case. In the third and final section, the main focus will proffer to provide meaningful suggestions as to the method and approach in future scenario and advise based on the conclusive assessment and analysis of the negotiated parties, with respect to their decision making and negotiating process and its (their) outcome with the relevant lesson learnt based on the BP oil spill structured settlement. Finally, a conclusion will closed this paper with reference drawn from the respective dominant parties, decision making process; lesson learned and proffer solution on lesson learned from the case study, followed by a summarized conclusion. This   paper seek to evaluation and critically analyze the decision-making and negotiated agreement processes between the relevant affected parties with main focus on the two major parties; namely: (British Petroleum-BP), the responsible party for the damages and the relevant claimants main representative on the final negotiated agreement the United States Department of Justice. Furthermore, an analysis of the settlement stages and process towards the structured settlement will also be assessed. An evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the interconnected interest of MNC such as BP financial strength, investments, influence and association with the U.S economy and government socioeconomic, environmental and political interest with a need for a balance and an objective assessment that will unravel the true winners and losers of this negotiated agreement. The parties to the agreement are from two separate angles, namely the claimants and responsible partie(s), the claimants are as follows: The United States of America Government represented by The U. U. Department of Justice (USDOJ were the main and dominant party that represented all claimants in the negotiations that concluded the structured settlement reached with BP), U. S. Coast Guard, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, media, Oil Industry, Environmental activist and organizations, Fishermen, Tourist-driven Communities, Tourist Driven- Business, Tourists, Oil spill, Cleanup Workers and Home owners and developers. Whiles the responsible parties are British Petroleum (BP owner of the well), who happens to be the dominant responsible party, justification for the dominant parties will be explained later. BP was also the main party that negotiated as the responsible party with the USDOJ, and Transocean (owner and operator of the Deepwater Horizon), both of whom were name d as the responsible parties by the U.S. Coast Guard. For clarity purposes, it is important to understand that among the above mentioned parties the dominant parties in the out of court settlement were BP and the United States Government. This was so because BP owner of the well, with vicarious liability, is the main responsible party and the United States Government as a democratically elected government, for obvious reasons, its part of its responsibilities to not only represent the claimants, but to create a balance between the interest of the victims and the responsible party and to ensure that an appreciated deal is reached in the interest of the victims and the responsible party within an acceptable redress, but   are forced to take one side and be tough with BP to ensure that an adequate compensation is paid that commensurate to the damaged and loss caused. As the main representative of all claimants. It was believed that the government has the required expertise to accurately determine the financial means and compensate those that lost their jobs, property etc by reimbursing them with financial assistance from the responsible party,   If they pay the bills, theyre welcome at the table, said Peter Tuttle, an environmental contaminant specialist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service who is coordinating NRDA activities among Interior Department bureaus. From a superficial glance, the ambition behind this legislation was to redress two major concerns: 1) unbearable delays and 2) fiercely problematic legal battles in subsequent oil spill catastrophes (see Issacharoff and Rave, 2014: 399). The prevailing perspective of relevant actors were mixed as the process continued. To some, the entire agreement was very important especially on the part of BP and the United States government in getting the balance right in an attempt seek its national interest and to protecting its investors (MNC) and BP is keen in regaining back lost confidence from its investors and those residing in the affected areas. With such deal in place, BP was seen to have provided assurances to its current and potential investors that they are willing to sincerely honour their own part of any agreement reached in compensating those residing in the Gulf in case of any environmental harm done whilst they continue to carry out their activities within the Gulf Coast. Why not, some will hold this argument that the fact that BP was willing to stepped aside and allow the establishment of an Independent Claim Facility, it was an efficient move geared towards properly assessing claims and counter claims made by BP to an extent it was ascertained that BP doesnt have what it takes to quantify or properly determined and estimate the damage claims as such responsibility doesnt fall within its functions and was asked to refrained from the matter of surveying and working claims. The Feinberg claims facility though at some point was deemed to have worked more than its predecessor, it also faced serious condemnation on its objectivity in handling the whole process as it was paid by BP and there was a possibility that its more committed to it employer. Criticisms were also made against Feinberg Law firm that the way it handled the process was too slow and marred with delays, tough and unfair in handing out monies. Both claims were denied by BP. Other actors said BP agreed for an out of court settlement because they want to settle the victims far less than what it would have cost them had the matter settle in court. They deliberately and cleverly agreed to allowed the court to monitored the compensation process creating an atmosphere in the minds of the victims that what they are doing is in line with whatever agreement they could have reached in court, but in reality, it was very clear that BP with its financial might, was just too smart and powerful with its n egotiating team for the Golf Oil Spilled victims as the out of court settlement seriously cut down their financial responsibility to the victims. Surprisingly they used the same court they refused to go to monitor the process. Whatever the outcome was, the fact is that, it was always going to be very difficult in determining oil spill disasters against these multi billions oil companies if laid down rules and regulations arent put in place that can stand the test of times. For instance, the International Tankers Owners Pollution Federation states: the tendency to react to political, media public perception and pressures rather than basing decisions on technical realities, is a special problem that can also escalate the cost of any incident beyond what would be considered reasonable under the International Compensation Convention( ITOPF). This is a terrifying one sided analysis with a sense to purely exonerate oil companies that they are often treated unfairly by he mentioned parties during oil spill disasters. Taking these words in to serious consideration one would be tempted to ask whether BP compensation was commensurate to their purported damaged caused in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Guif of Mexico? As there is no laid down straight formula to determine such payments according to the International Tankers Owners Pollution Federation. With incidents and circumstances of oil spill changes from one to another and in most cases depends on close factors say for instance the type of oil, the location of the spill and characteristics of the affected area as well as the effectiveness of the preventive measures and genuine commitment of the management, we shall continue to face problems, if well established rules arent put in place to asses oil spills. The oils and gas industrys was and is said to made significant moves in developing advance technological ideas relating to the extraction of oil in the Deepwater Horizon, but make no mistake, their ideas doesnt stand the test of times. And in terms of developing robust pre-emptive measures to tackle potential oil spills and hold oil companies objectively responsible for potential reckless actions, there is more than meet the eye with the current pre-emptive measures. Whilst some analysts would agree that the $ 500 million from fines and penalties from BP and Transoceans meant to improve precautionary measures through well research based materials with development in education and training was a brilliant move; its also true that large cooperation the likes of BP have well experienced total legal practitioners whose main focus is to always look for loopholes within the ambit of the established laws to minimise financial effect of the company. Currently, laws and policies within the lo ss of multibillion companies for any potential reckless actions against society and people residing in their areas of operations needs reforms to block the use of escape routes in mitigating liability irrespective of political influence. It is imperative that to flesh up my argument by looking at the current liability rule for civilian nuclear power with respect to the Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity, which clearly shows the important disparities between the Price Anderson Acts and what the Administration considered supporting in their 2010 discussions with Congressional Staff. From those discussions, it was established that the Price Andersen value total damaged loss at about $ 12 billion in 2011, which was later assumed by analysts may not be sufficient to address future financial damage of any nuclear incident and is also lacking the required precautionary measures. The said Act is also considered to be unfriendly in tackling potential spill situations as it failed to efficiently address the regular payment of premiums for insurance nuclear power plants activities as it only pay in to compensation funds when disaster occur at a nuclear power plant facility and in such situations, such monies exceed the initi al $ 375 million stated operator damage responsibility fees. Its also very important to lay down very clear quality rules and regulations with the clean understanding to check and confirm that the well genuine established preventive measures are correctly adhere to for firms operating in the insurance scheme. With the seldom oil spills, theres a lack of well reliable information to reference in appropriately and fairly determining potential premium for disaster victims. With this in mind, there should be an independent body with continuous free access to check and determine high level of safety with punitive measures for firms that fails to efficiently adhere to the agreed standard rules of operation. The need for sharing information of defaulters in public is also necessary as it will raise genuine concerns within companys shareholders, in the first instance, they will learn about the poor way administration is protecting the credibility of their company. This will move genuine investors to question whether company administrators are genuine enough to operate within the agreed standard laid down rules as part of it operations commitment in the Deep water Horizon. In conclusion, agreed parties can base their strength in the knowledge of the industries and it expertise to form the industry rules and regulations; whilst the government could ask for joint experience guarantee safety as a requirement for any firm to demand authorisation act of boring a hole in the Deepwater Horizon.

William Henry Harrison Essay -- essays research papers fc

William Henry Harrison, (1773-1841), was 9th President of the United States. The oldest president up until then, he was also the first to die in office, surviving only one month. With his known Indian fighting his was given the nickname â€Å"Old Tippecanoe† and â€Å"Old Tip.† He was the first presidential candidate to campaign actively for office. His election slogan was â€Å"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Henry Harrison was born on Feb. 9, 1773, on the James River in Charles City County, Virginia. He was the youngest of seven children, four girls and three boys. His parents, Benjamin and Elizabeth Bassett Harrison, were from prominent Virginia families. The Harrison’s father had served in both Continental Congresses and signed the Declaration of Independence. Harrison received his early education at home. He entered Hampden-Sydney College in 1787 and later enrolled at the University of Pennsylvania to study medicine. After his father died in 1791, Harrison dropped medicine and joined the Army. George Washington, a friend of his father, approved this decision. There he served for seven successful years. Harrison served as a soldier in early American wars. There he fought a battle on the Great Miami River and developed a plan which led to an American victory. In 1795, he witnessed and signed the Treaty of Greenville. Thereafter he was promoted to captain and given the command of Fort Washington, Ohio. While at Fort Washington he met his wife Anna Symmes....

Computer networks assignment

Cable Maximum data rate speed cat 5 Single Mode Fiber cable gasps Recommendations Connector Reasons Category e, reasons for purchasing cat depute cable. Cat e cable is the most popular of all http cables, Has a superior bandwidth as compared with cat cable. RAJA 45 connector since it is the standard connector used to connect to a device and also for wall-plate connections. Multi-mode fiber-optic cable Straight tip connector (SC). Commonly used as a backbone, fast, intensity susceptible to eavesdropping.Straight tip connector is commonly used in Ethernet networks that use fiber-optic backbones, more so it is popular for use with multi-mode fiber-optic cable. Network Topology for the office Office 1 Task 2 The same design applies to the other offices. Methods for secure intranet 1. Use intranet based VPN 2. Use of Authentication. Advantages of intranet based VPN They enable secure broadband connections (through cable modems, DSL, etc. ). They can create significant communication saving s in particular when lots of remote users dial-in from outside the local calling area.Secure the connection between the client and ‘SP. Provide unauthorized users from tapping into the intranet. Extended connectivity and lower cost. Altered. Disadvantages of intranet based VPN Are not scalable and are more complex that NAS initiated VPN. The need to manage software on the client machines. NAS-initiated Access VPN connections are restricted to pops that can support VPN. Do not encrypt the connection, between the client and the ISP, but rely on the security of the EST..Advantages of using authentication User id and password is the least expensive authentication method to use. User ids and passwords can be changed anytime at the user's choice, furthermore most users know how to change them. No need to install extra software in the case of using ids and passwords. Token authentication can be used for login and transaction authentication purposes effectively. Biometric authenticati on is difficult to compromise. Disadvantages of Using Authentication d and password authentication is Weak and susceptible to numerous attacks.Token authentication involves additional costs, such as the cost of the token and any replacement fees. Token authentication requires some amount of user training. Security depends on the users' ability to maintain the user ID and password secret. Biometric authentication usually involves cost for support and maintenance. Protocols Intranet VPN protocols Pipes or IP Security is used to secure Internet communications. It's normally used as a security overlay for the other protocols. It's considered the â€Å"standard† VPN protocol, specially for site-to-site VPN.PPTP-Point to point tunneling protocol, a data link protocol that establishes a connection between two networking nodes, it creates the virtual connection across the internet, and provides connection authentication, transmission encryption and compression. LOTT, Layer Two Tunnel ing Protocol, it does not provide encryption and it relies on PPTP protocol to do this. Authentication One way authentication protocol. Mutual way authentication protocol-protocol that enables both the point of origin and the point of termination of a communication link to verify or authenticate each other.Amended-Schroeder Protocol Media required for connecting the offices Internet medium: It acts as a connection medium Router: I. E router to router VPN is used to connect separate offices in various locations. Software-network management software. Internet-To act as medium for connection purposes. Software to enable the devices to communicate and be able to send and receive information. Sips Hardware requirements to connect the Four Offices 2. Switch. 3. Firewall How access can be provided to the company intranets via extranet.Staff access their computers in whatever the location they are, they then provide their ids or swords to the company's website upon which they are verified t o be the genuine staff, after being authenticated through the extranet VPN, they are finally allowed to access the offices, if a user tries to forcefully access the intranet the firewall in between detects and shuts of the intruder. Intranet and extranet Diagrams Task 3 Security issues related to Intranets and extranets Unauthorized Access – An unauthorized person gains access to a company's computer system and access sensitive information.Misuse of user privileges – An employee or supplier authorized to use the system for one purpose misuses it for another purpose other than for what it is should be. Users or telecommuters accessing the corporate intranet from their home can or sometimes expose sensitive data as it is being sent over the wire. Security breaches- at certain times the intranet will experience unusual traffic like spam, pushing, Edward and mallard. Networks attacks- there can be a network attack in form of forceful intrusion into the intranet or extranet .Lack of encryptions – at sometimes confidential information is shown to unauthorized personnel because of the lack of using encryption. Usability problems- omen users will use the intranet improperly through not knowing how to search, retrieve, send and receive information. Weak passwords – some users use weak passwords, they write them down, never change them and in the end forget their content – users are vulnerable to dangerous content like Trojan, worms and viruses that attach on emails.Violations of security policies – some users make an attempt to penetrate the network forcefully and illegally without clearance and permission. Protection From viruses Trojan and other threats 1) Adoption of intrusion detection prevention system in the network to offer retention against network attacks. 2) Deployment of effective email filters and firewalls to block against suspicious traffic from entering the network. 3) Authentication through use of passwords, smar t cards and biometric scanners to overcome unauthorized access in the network. ) Use of intranet monitoring soft wares by companies so as to check and monitor what their employees are doing on the intranet or on their own PC. 5) Strict adherence to the security policies put in place by the company any violations of the security policies should be met with strict consequences. 6) Users on the intranet must remember to always update and maintain their security software on every PC and server on the network to ensure protection. 7) Formal training should be given to new employees who don't know how to use the intranet so that they will know how to perform searches, send and retrieval of information. ) Network administrators should encourage users to use strong or hard to guess passwords as well as not to show their passwords to any other party. 9) Use of SSL Digital certificates to help secure the intranet from lack of encryption. 10) Setting up firewall rules to only allow messages th at come from within the internal server. Recommendations to counter any threats to the network. Use of anti-virus toolkits so as to safeguard the computers on the network, the anti virus toolkits should be updated regularly and used to scan both PC and servers on the networks.Security policy – should be put in place so as to protect the company's resources and information. Physical countermeasures: such as CATV cameras, gratitude's, data backup and recovery systems should be embraced so that the company will be able to monitor and protect its equipments and information safe. Authorization – Access rights and privileges should be given to certain users in the many. Authentication-users and systems must be authenticated; authentication can be through passwords, digital certificates and other methods.Conclusion The network project was a success though it seemed hard; I find that I have acquired some certain skills that I didn't have during the beginning of this module. Am grateful at least that I have managed to do my best in this module. The project was about creating a network that would be used to connect the four offices which currently house about seven computers. Weaknesses One of my weaknesses as displayed in my project is that I did not manage to show a actuarial representation of the various cables, servers and other equipments which would have otherwise enabled me to illustrate my project in a clear and visible manner.In task 1 1 was required to come up with and identify the type of media I will propose for the company, I chose a wired media category e cable as the best option to go for, the cat e cable altogether needs a connector hence I chose the RAJA-45 connector which is the standard that can be used by the cat e cable. I provided the cost of cabling and installing such a cable in a network, the assumption made was that the many did not have any networks and so I included them in the cost and installation section.As for the data speed I gave the maximum speed that can be achieved by a category e cable which is Mbps. L provided recommendations for the category e cable to purchased together with raja-45 connector . In task 2 after researching on the methods that can provide a secure intranet I finally ended up choosing three methods and these are Intranet based VPN, Authentication and Digital signatures, I named a few protocols which are applied in the above methods such as layer two tunneling protocol for the intranet VPN.The media required to connect the offices such as Internet form the service of the hardware that can be used to connect the offices are Routers, switches and firewalls. In task 3 1 gave a listing of the security issues that are prominent with such a network some of them include, network attacks and lack of encryptions such issues can cause a company a great loss as much time will be spent trying to solve the problems which at times are difficult to solve.To protect the workstations in the networ k from attacks from viruses, Trojan and worms I gave the following suggestions, that the company et up strict security policy that the staff should adhere to so as to ensure the resources and information in the company are in safe condition, adoption of intrusion detection and prevention systems in the network to secure the network form any forceful entry into the network.Using methods such as updated antimatter toolkit, the staff can be able to operate under a conducive environment which is free from any malicious software attacks, second thing is that authorization rights and privileges should be given to certain staff or members in the company, so s to prevent information from being accessed by unauthorized user who possess a threat to the company.

Rabindranath Tagore Essay

The first Asian Nobel Prize winner for Literature, a cultural hero, and an international figure, Rabindranath Tagore was born on 7th May 1861 in Calcutta, India. Tagore speaks to an optimistic assortment of the ripened Indian custom and the new European awareness. Globally, Gitanjali is Tagore’s best-known accumulation of poetry and Tagore was granted the Nobel Prize in 1913 for his book â€Å"Gitanjali†, which contains the essence of an Indian artistic tradition. Tagore was an unofficial diplomat to the world and laid India on the legendary map of the world. Indeed today, he has been an inspiration and nourishment for millions of Indians. In the hearts of an Indians and most specifically Bengalis, Rabindranath Tagore’s overpowering impression is huge. Gitanjali is an assortment of a number of themes and ideas. The lyrics explore the relationship between God and Man, individual and humanity. It gives a good reason for the ways of man to God and the other way arou nd, too. It â€Å"expresses in perfect language permanent human impulses† , and thus passes the test of great poetry as laid down by T. S. Eliot. Here poetry has become an exposure and invocation. It shows an inner reality of millions of Indians, especially Bengali people. It is the best creation of Rabindranath Tagore that regarded as an independent piece with its own theme and personality, and tried to tell the tale of his life using various characters. Mainly Gitanjali rewards in logical theory, spiritual tie-ups and an inspiration. It decoratively treats Death and God. It is supernatural in its abstract character, emotional anxiety of thought that may be transformed into the imagery of dreams, logical beauty, moralistic mind, strength, ethical content, and divine love. Even more, by the end Tagore expressed that Death is the last stage of our life. It is completely unavoidable, and one has to surrender themselves. When the death strikes, people who were ignored or rejected earlier will appear more valuable. To avoid that situation, one must love well while he/she is alive. One should be ready when the summons comes from God without any bitter feelings. The soul dispossessed of all the worldly goods will reach God in a sweeter  manner. An Irish Senator, and a constructor of an Irish and British literary William Butler Yeats, said, â€Å"Mr. Tagore, like the Indian civilization itself, has been content to discover the soul and surrender himself to the spontaneity† and also added, â€Å"At times I wonder if he has it from the literature of Bengal or religion. His divine values of Hinduism were deep rooted in his ancestry and in his own long and hard-fought experience, and they found constant expression in every aspect of his extraordinary li fe.† Marcel Proust A French novelist, critic, and essayist, Valentin Louis Georges Eugà ¨ne Marcel Proust was born on 10th July 1871. He was known for his epic novel â€Å"In Search of Lost Time†. The novel was published in seven parts between 1913 and 1927. He is deliberated by one of the greatest authors. He described particularly decline of the upper class and the rise of the middle classes that occurred in France during the Third Republic and the fin de sià ¨cle in this epic novel. After the unsuccessful endeavor of composing a novel, Proust used a few years composing interpretations and expounding the works of the English craftsmanship history specialist John Ruskin. He was likewise a productive letter essayist. The work for which he is normally regularly recollected is â€Å"In Search of Lost Time† or â€Å"Recognition of Things Past.† Proust has likewise been known as the originator of the present day novel, looked upon as an issue impact on pioneer style. An English novelist and an author Graham Greene once wrote: â€Å"Proust was the greatest novelist of the twentieth century, just as Tolstoy was in the nineteenth†¦. For those who began to write at the end of the twenties or the beginning of the thirties, there were two great inescapable influences: Proust and Freud, who are mutually complementary.† Moreover, Peter Englund, the Nobel Academy’s permanent secretary, said â€Å"He is not at all difficult to read. He looks very simple in a sense because he has a very refined, simple, straight, clear style. You open a page and see that it is Proust, very straight, short sentences, no frills †¦ but it is very, very sophisticated in that simplicity.† Thomas Stearns Eliot A literary and social critic, publisher, playwright, an essayist, Thomas Stearns Eliot was born on 26th September 1888 at St. Louis, the Missouri to an old Yankee family. He considered as one of the twentieth century’s major poets. Eliot had such a big impact on writing that it can’t be precisely measured, however it is surely gigantic. It is genuinely likely that very nearly every free verse writer that succeeded him has tired, straightforwardly or by implication, from his sweeping collection of principles. Through Eliot’s essays and especially through his poetry, he played a significant part in building the modernist conception of poetry. His poetry is culturally allusive, ironic, and impersonal in manner. Moreover, they were organized by associative rather than logical connections and difficult at times to the point of isolation. His impact on literature in the twentieth century was significant. However, notwithstanding the validity .and spreading of his finest and most well-known essays, Eliot couldn’t have achieved the modernist revolution by ruling alone. He succeeded just through the sample of his superb poetry. His poetry will survive undiminished as his critical influence waxes and wanes, and as the points of interest of his profession retreat into literary history. Perhaps the realest and clear example of Eliot’s intelligent influence is in the books of writers such as Derek Walcott and Kamau Brathwaite. Charles W. Pollard holds them as illustrations of non-Western pioneers impacted by the divided nature of Eliot’s work. He proposes that a large portion of the distinctions are because of how these two writers fuse components of their cultures. Moreover improver about the part of verse in the public arena and its relationship to typical discourse, to structure their styles and customs, while staying inside the post-Eliot innovator fold. Nawal EL Saadawi Egyptian feminist writer, activist, physician and psychiatrist Nawal El Saadawi was born October 27, 1931. She has written many books on the subject of woman in islam paying particular attention to the practice of female genital mutilation in her society. Although Women and Sex created a huge controversy in Egypt for its frank discussion of the sexuality of women, El  Saadawi was unknown to most Western audiences until 1980, when â€Å"The Hidden Face of Eve† was translated into English. In this accumulation portray female genital mutilation, narrative the principles and regulations overseeing the lives of ladies, and recount the troubles and disgrace connected with being a lady in an oppressive patriarchal society. El Saadawi was impacted by what she encountered in her life as an issue. By the seeing of mortifying and unreasonable practices. This has headed her to stand up in backing of political and sexual rights for ladies and continually emphasize ladies’ energy in safety. For instance, at age of six, El Saadawi’s family constrained her to experience a clitoridectomy, and as a grown-up she expounded on and censured the act of female and male genital mutilation. Her initial work is viewed as spearheading in present day women’s activist fiction in Arabic. Since the 1970s she started to scrutinize straightforwardly the patriarchal framework and tackle unthinkable issues: female circumcision, abortion, sexuality, child abuse, and different forms of women’s oppression. Saadawi has expressed the view that women are oppressed by religions. In a 2014 interview Saadawi said that â€Å"the root of the oppression of women lies in the global post-modern capitalist system, which is supported by religious fundamentalism Chinua Achebe A Nigerian novelist, poet, professor and critic, Chinua Achebe was born on 16 November 1930. His first novel â€Å"Things Fall Apart† was considered his magnum opus,[3]and is the most widely read book in modern African literature. A writer of more than 20 books, he was commended worldwide for advising African stories to an enraptured world group of onlookers. He was likewise concurred his nation’s most noteworthy recompense for educated accomplishment, the Nigerian National Merit Award. Achebe is a significant piece of African writing, and is prevalent everywhere throughout the landmass for his books, particularly â€Å"Ant colony dwelling places of the Savannah,† which was shortlisted for the Booker Prize in 1987, and â€Å"Things Fall Apart.† The recent was obliged perusing in endless secondary schools and universities in the mainland, and has been deciphered into many dialects. He likewise reprimanded defilement and poor administration in Africa, and had been known to reject honors by the Nigerian government to dissent political issues. Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan said,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Achebe’s frank, truthful and fearless interventions in national affairs will be greatly missed at home,† Jonathan said. â€Å"While others may have disagreed with his views, most Nigerians never doubted his immense patriotism and sincere commitment to the building of a greater, more united and prosperous nation.† Moreover, a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, philanthropist and former President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela said, â€Å"he brought Africa to the rest of the world.† Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rque Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez, the Nobel Prize-winning Colombian author who drenched the world in the compelling ebbs and flows of enchantment authenticity, making an abstract style that mixed reality, myth, love and misfortune in an arrangement of candidly rich books that made him a standout amongst the most venerated and powerful authors of the twentieth century. Mr. Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez, was a writer, author, screenwriter, dramatist, memoirist and understudy of political history and pioneer writing. Through the quality of his keeping in touch with, he turned into a social symbol who charged a boundless open after and who now and again drew fire for his relentless backing of Cuban pioneer Fidel Castro. In his books, novellas and short stories, Mr. Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez tended to the topics of love, depression, passing and force. His masterpiece were â€Å"One Hundred Years of Solitude†, â€Å"The Autumn of the Patriarch† and â€Å"Love in the Time of Cholera†. By melding two apparently divergent abstract conventions — the realist and the fabulist — Mr. Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez progressed an element abstract structure, enchantment authenticity, that appeared to catch both the secretive and the unremarkable characteristics of life in a rotting South American city. For many writers and readers , it opened up another method for comprehension their nations and themselves. 44th and Current President of the United States of America, President Obama said in a statement â€Å"The world has lost one of its greatest visionary writers — and one of my favorites from the time I was young,† Moreover he added that â€Å"Mr. Marquez is a representative and voice for the people of the Americas.† Works Cited â€Å"A Poem Translated by the Author from from the Original Bengali Collection  Gitanjali.† Web. 1 Dec. 2014. . â€Å"Aimà © Fernand Cà ©saire.† Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation. Web. 1 Dec. 2014. . Biography: T. S. Eliot. 2001. Pearson Education. 3 Mar. 2005 . Kandell, Jonathan. â€Å"Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez, Conjurer of Literary Magic, Dies at 87.† The New York Times. The New York Times, 17 Apr. 2014. Web. 1 Dec. 2014. . Pollard, Charles W. New World Modernisms. 4 June 2004. University of Virginia Press. 2 Mar. 2005 Proust, Marcel. â€Å"Marcel Proust.† NewYork TImes. Web. 1 Dec. 2014. . â€Å"Remembering Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Storyteller Who Resonated with Readers around the World.† PBS. PBS. Web. 1 Dec. 2014. . Tah, Shari. The Innocence of the Devil. Berkeley: U of California, 1994. Print.

Classical Utilitarianism and Kantian Deontology

Classical Utilitarianism and Kantian Deontology Free Online Research Papers Utilitarian According to act-utilitarianism that action is right which, in relation to all other alternative actions, will result in maximising the probable happiness or well-being of humanity as a whole, or more accurately, of all sentient beings 1 The theory defines morality in accordance with the happiness that occurs as a result of an action and not any perceived intrinsic moral worth of the action itself. It is a theory that has had profound social impact but has also been criticized for contradicting some of societys most basic moral ideals. Strengths of the Utilitarian Ethic What many find most attractive in the utilitarian ethic is its elegant simplicity and commonsensical nature. What, after all, would seem more obvious than the individuals moral duty to oppose suffering and promote happiness? To determine which specific action is moral all one need do is determine that one action which would produce the greatest amount of happiness and the least possible amount of suffering. On its face, utilitarianism would therefore seem to echo an almost self-evident moral truth. Act-utilitarians, when determining what course of action to take, need consider only the end results of their actions; they need consult neither contemporary abstract social concepts of morality nor the vague and confusing theological interpretations of Gods will. Simply put, actions are deemed moral or immoral on a case by case basis according to how much happiness that specific action will produce in that specific circumstance. A specific action does not have any intrinsic moral characte r independent of its results in a specific circumstance. The results of an action alone are what assign it a moral value and those results are all one needing analysing to determine that value and ultimately, what course of action one will choose to take. Gone is the notion of the absolute moral rule; the act-utilitarian need not consider what they perceive to be archaic, ill-supported, and abstract conceptions of moral worth. For these reasons act-utilitarianism continues to have a highly attractive and tangibly concrete quality to it. It seems the most basic moral ideal that we should choose to promote happiness and prevent suffering. Morality must dictate that actions resulting from moral duty ultimately promote the social welfare. Happiness would therefore appear to be the ultimate end of morality since the social welfare must include, and can perhaps be defined solely as happiness. Utilitarianism seems a universally benevolent theory of morality where self-destructive and painful moral rules do not exist. Why after all, would society choose to promote moral doctrines which have no beneficial results save the fulfilment of what often appear to be moral abstracts grounded more in superstition than reason? Contemporary utilitarians often consider anti-utilitarian moral theories to be non-benevolent due to their lack of consideration of happiness and the general welfare. Difficulties in the Utilitarian ethic Though seeming an attractive theory, utilitarianism faces many criticisms, as it seems to over-emphasize the moral value of happiness while contradicting some of societys most basic moral ideals. Is happiness really the only thing that matters morally? Does happiness define what is moral? Act-utilitarianism states that in every circumstance, the moral thing to do is that action which will promote the most happiness. But are there not actually cases where people can experience happiness as the result of immoral actions, and not merely one person or a small group of people but the majority? What if in the famous example, the sheriff of a small town decides to frame an innocent black man of raping a white woman in order to prevent race riots and hundreds of needless deaths? Certainly every member of the town would be ecstatic that the rapist was caught and executed but it seems very clear that their happiness and lack of suffering does not make the sheriffs actions morally right. Act-Ut ilitarianism when placed under such scrutiny, often can give what society normally perceives of as the wrong answer, leading one to engage in immoral activities. Act-utilitarianism in its single-minded pursuit of happiness, can often lead one to ignore basic human freedoms and fundamental moral concepts. Act-utilitarianism takes the position that the ends justify the means, that any action, regardless of its non-utilitarian interpretation, will be right as long as it promotes the general happiness more than any other action. One may be tempted to take Joseph Fletchers view: If the end does not justify the means, what does? The answer is, obviously, nothing!2 . This view though, is contradictory to all contemporary social perspectives on morality. Is it not true that an action can find meaning in itself, that it has its own intrinsic moral worth which is independent of its expected consequences? Consider now, the consequences themselves what justifies the ends themselves; our wish to seek those ends? One can appeal to nothing but the ends themselves. An end justifies itself because it has its own independent moral worth. Might it not be true then that a means may find meaning in itself apart from its ends; that actions can have their own intrinsic moral character? Though it would seem obvious that in what one might consider a perfect society, there would be a maximal amount of happiness and a minimal amount of pain, certainly one must concede that the mere presence of happiness and lack of pain are not the defining characteristics of a perfect society. People can often be happy, either in ignorance or knowledge, as the result of immoral actions. One may without much effort, consider the existence of a society where nearly everyone is happy for all the wrong reasons: poverty, atrocity, lack of freedom. Often people can even be unhappy as the result of moral actions: forgiveness, benevolence, charity. The point is that happiness does not define morality. What if the sheriff in the example was able to catch the real rapist? Does the execution of the rapist gain moral value because people are happy as a result of his execution? Does the actual rape have moral value, however small, because of the rapists happiness in committing it? Act-utilitariani sm must say yes even though it is clear that the rapists happiness in committing the act of rape cannot and should not be taken into account any more than the very fact that people would be happy about his execution make the execution morally right. One must appeal to other concepts to determine the moral nature of the rape and execution. Using the presence and level of happiness to define the moral value of actions often leads to ludicrous and anti-intuitive conclusions. Kantianism The Categorical Imperative, a concept of Immanuel Kants, has two basic formulations: 1) Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law; 2) Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or that of another, always as an end and never as a means only. Strengths of the Kantian perspective At least at first glance, both formulations of the Kantian perspective seem highly intuitive and appear to be in conformity with accepted moral views. The first formulation, the Universal Law Formula, seems a rather simple and direct way of deciding whether or not an action may be morally permissible. To decide whether or not an action may be moral all we need do is determine the maxim from which the action proceeds and then ask whether or not we could will that maxim to be a universal law; in other words, whether or not we could wish it to determine the actions of others. If this could not be done without contradiction then the action is morally impermissible. This leads to a logical conclusion that no person should morally act in a manner inconsistent with how they wish others to act. This general conclusion is much to Kants credit, one that proceeds directly from reason. Kants second interpretation, the idea of human dignity, arises directly from what seems an almost universal view people hold in regards to their own worth. For whatever reasons, we believe that people must always be treated with respect, as they embody a certain unique quality, that of dignity. In Kants terms people are ends in themselves and can never be used as means to obtain other ends to use a human being as a tool in order to attain a goal is to illustrate a profound disrespect for their individual moral worth. To respect a human being is to respect their rationality and their status as a rational being for whom all things are subject as a means to fulfil their desires and attain their goals: It makes no sense. . .to regard rational beings merely as one kind of valuable thing among others. They are the beings for whom mere things have value, and they are the beings whose conscientious actions have moral worth .3 Difficulties in the Kantian perspective Many of the difficulties in the Kantian perspective arise more from Kants interpretations of the various formulations of the Categorical Imperative rather than the ethical theory itself. Certain aspects of the theory though, do have significant shortcomings. Perhaps one of Kants most serious oversights occurred when dealing with the example of lying. Kant held that, because the maxim it is permissible to lie would fail the universal law test and be an ultimately self-defeating line of thought that it is never under any circumstance, permissible to lie. Though it is true that this specific maxim fails it is obvious that another maxim, such as the maxim it is permissible to lie in order to save someones life, might easily pass the universal law test and therefore not forbid lying. This observation leads to a serious difficulty in the universal law formula. It appears that so much seems to depend on the actual wording of the maxim that it might be possible for someone especially skilled in linguistics to do whatever they please while satisfying the requirements of the universal law formula. Though this apparent susceptibility to considerations of circumstance may ultimately work towards the theorys favour by escaping the classical objections to absolutist moral views, the weakness uncovered in its vulnerability to linguistic manipulation is far too serious to overlook. Perhaps only because of human bias, one can find little fault with Kants theory of human dignity. The problems lie in Kants conclusions resulting from the theory, namely the concept of Retributivism. Kant held quite paradoxically, that his system of ethics allowed for judicial punishment. The punishment of a criminal offender according to Kant, is actually in accordance with the concept of human dignity since by punishing them, we are recognising their intelligence and ability to reason. If society failed to punish criminals we would be showing them disrespect since we would ultimately be asserting that they lack reason and the ability to perceive their actions as wrong4. There are a significant number of difficulties with this concept. First of all, Kant assumes that failing to punish a person implies a belief in that persons lack of ability to reason and would therefore be an insult to their dignity. This interpretation, though, holds only if we consistently choose to not punish th ose who lack reason. The unfortunate fact is that, in American society at least, the law allows the mentally and developmentally disabled (people who obviously lack reason) to be punished for their actions just as harshly as those who have the benefit of reason. Such people can be sentenced to prison for any term of years or for life, or even be sentenced to execution should the crime (not the person who committed the crime) legally merit the punishment. Kant also seems to assume that physical punishment is the only way to illustrate our belief that someone has the capability to reason. Would we not though, be recognising an individuals capacity for reason, if we chose to appeal to that reason through more intellectual methods rather than the often brutal tactics Kant championed? Kants theory of human dignity held that no person could be used as a means, that every person was an end in themselves. Society does not treat criminals with this level of respect. We use criminals not only for actual compulsory physical labour, but also to make society safer and to satisfy our desire for retribution directed against those who hurt us. We also punish criminals in an attempt to manipulate their behaviour and force them to behave in accordance with our wishes and not their own. Kant of course, would have nothing to do with such utilitarian perspectives on punishment. He thought that the only reason a criminal should be punished is to achieve justice. Yet here Kant makes an error. If we punish criminals in order to achieve justice, are we not still using them for the purpose of carrying out our concept of justice and forming a just society? Regardless of the reason we give for punishing offenders it is clear that we are using them to pursue our own and not their own ends .5 Research Papers on Classical Utilitarianism and Kantian DeontologyComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andBringing Democracy to AfricaAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementGenetic EngineeringThree Concepts of PsychodynamicResearch Process Part OneIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Free Essays on Genocide in Rwanda

Since the 1994 genocide’s the country of Rwanda has drastically changed. Rwanda is in desperate need of guidance and security in the aspect of reconciliation. Rwanda faces two major problems. One is its population and the other being its political ecology. Rwanda’s population is rising rapidly. At the rate that it’s going it is predicted that the population will double every twenty-two years. â€Å"Its estimated that to every one family there are at least seven to nine children†¦out of those siblings at least one of them suffers from a generic disorder.† (Topouzis 66) Families such as this do, in fact, exist. The Fuddah family being one of them, however there are more. The head of this particular household is a woman and she can barely support herself let alone the seven children that she presently has. The youngest of her seven is a two-moth old girl who suffers from MS (Multiple Sclerosis). There is nothing that she or her family can do because they lack the health benefits needed to take care of a person in this condition. â€Å"†¦She is dying right before my eyes and there is nothing that I as her mother can do†¦I am hurt†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Topouzis 65) There are almost no medical benefits available for families such as the Fuddah’s. Do to the fact that in most families there are women as the head of the house holds women are discriminated against and are unable to get things such as food, water, clothing, and other things to this nature. Due to the fact that human resources development was neglected by administration, Rwanda was left with a low skilled population. Because of this education was limited for a particular population. The Government of National Unity quickly changed this. They re-installed meritocracy in the education system and made it so that more resources were to be used to build and rebuild schools. It is said that by the year 2003 universal elementary education is subject to introduction. The gover... Free Essays on Genocide in Rwanda Free Essays on Genocide in Rwanda Since the 1994 genocide’s the country of Rwanda has drastically changed. Rwanda is in desperate need of guidance and security in the aspect of reconciliation. Rwanda faces two major problems. One is its population and the other being its political ecology. Rwanda’s population is rising rapidly. At the rate that it’s going it is predicted that the population will double every twenty-two years. â€Å"Its estimated that to every one family there are at least seven to nine children†¦out of those siblings at least one of them suffers from a generic disorder.† (Topouzis 66) Families such as this do, in fact, exist. The Fuddah family being one of them, however there are more. The head of this particular household is a woman and she can barely support herself let alone the seven children that she presently has. The youngest of her seven is a two-moth old girl who suffers from MS (Multiple Sclerosis). There is nothing that she or her family can do because they lack the health benefits needed to take care of a person in this condition. â€Å"†¦She is dying right before my eyes and there is nothing that I as her mother can do†¦I am hurt†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Topouzis 65) There are almost no medical benefits available for families such as the Fuddah’s. Do to the fact that in most families there are women as the head of the house holds women are discriminated against and are unable to get things such as food, water, clothing, and other things to this nature. Due to the fact that human resources development was neglected by administration, Rwanda was left with a low skilled population. Because of this education was limited for a particular population. The Government of National Unity quickly changed this. They re-installed meritocracy in the education system and made it so that more resources were to be used to build and rebuild schools. It is said that by the year 2003 universal elementary education is subject to introduction. The gover... Free Essays on Genocide in Rwanda GENOCIDE IN RWANDA Beginning on April 6, 1994, and for the next hundred days, up to 800,000 Tutsis were killed by Hutu militia using clubs and machetes, with as manias 10,000 killed each day. Rwanda is one of the smallest countries in Central Africa, with just 7 million people, and is comprised of two main ethnic groups, the Hutu and the Tutsi. Although the Hutus account for 90 percent of the population, in the past, the Tutsi minority was considered the aristocracy of Rwanda and dominated Hutu peasants for decades, especially while Rwanda was under Belgian colonial rule. Related Map Central Africa Following independence from Belgium in 1962, the Hutu majority seized power and reversed the roles, oppressing the Tutsis through systematic discrimination and acts of violence. As a result, over 200,000 Tutsis fled to neighboring countries and formed a rebel guerrilla army, the Rwandan Patriotic Front. In 1990, this rebel army invaded Rwanda and forced Hutu President Juvenal Habyalimana into signing an accord which mandated that the Hutus and Tutsis would share power. Assassination of Melchior Ndadaye, the first popularly elected Hutu president of neighboring Burundi. A United Nations peacekeeping force of 2,500 multinational soldiers was then dispatched to Rwanda to preserve the fragile cease-fire between the Hutu government and the Tutsi rebels. Peace was threatened by Hutu extremists who were violently opposed to sharing any power with the Tutsis. Among these extremists were those who desired nothing less than the actual extermination of the Tutsis. It was later revealed they had even drawn up lists of prominent Tutsis and moderate Hutu politicians to kill, should the opportunity arise. In April 1994, amid ever-increasing prospects of violence, Rwandan President Habyalimana and Burundi's new President, Cyprien Ntaryamira, held several peace meetings with Tutsi rebels. On April 6, while returning from a meeting in Tanzania, a small... Free Essays on Genocide in Rwanda Genocide in Rwanda The definition of genocide as given in the Webster’s College Dictionary is â€Å"The deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.† This definition depicts the situation in 1994 of Rwanda, a small, poor, central African country. The Rwandan genocide was the systematic extermination of over eight hundred thousand Tutsi, an ethnic group in Rwanda, by the Hutu, another ethnic group in Rwanda. In this essay I will briefly describe the history of the conflict of the Hutu and Tutsi, the 100 days of genocide in 1994, and the affects of the massacre on the economy and the people of Rwanda. To fully understand why this slaughter occurred, we must first look at the history of the Hutu and the Tutsi. In the early 1900’s, the Tutsi were placed in positions of power by Belgium, because they looked â€Å"whiter†. Governed by Belgium’s racist way of thought, ethnic identity cards were introduced. The Catholic Church supported the Tutsi and the new social order and educated the Tutsi and imposed their religion on them. Though the population of Rwanda was ninety percent Hutu, they were denied land ownership, education, and positions of power. In the 1950’s, the end of the colonial period, the Hutu overthrew the Tutsi government. The Hutu maintained the practices of ethnic division, and the Tutsi were forcibly removed from positions of power. Many Tutsi fled from Rwanda and were not allowed to return. Many Tutsi that stayed in Rwanda were killed. Supported by Uganda, the Tutsi formed the Rwandan Patriotic Front, a rebel army. The rebel army was anxious to regain citizenship and their homes in Rwanda, and began a civil war that lasted four years. The world wide coffee market crashed, and coffee being the main export of Rwanda, led to unemployment and hunger of many Rwandans. This, along with pressure from Belgium forced the Hutu to agree to share power with the Tutsi. This was a ... Free Essays on Genocide In Rwanda Genocide in Rwanda The definition of genocide as given in the Webster’s Dictionary is â€Å"The deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.† This definition portrays the situation in 1994 of Rwanda, a small, poor, central African country. The Rwandan genocide was the systematic extermination of over 800,000 Tutsi people (an ethnic group in Rwanda), by the Hutu people (another ethnic group in Rwanda). The genocide lasted 100 days and the affects of the massacre on their economy, and their people were massive. Genocide is basically like extinction, and is wrong, but the history between the two groups, and their conflicts was deep. To fully understand why this slaughter occurred, we must first look at the history of the Hutu and the Tutsi. In the early 1900’s, the Tutsi were placed in positions of power by Belgium, because they looked â€Å"whiter†. Governed by Belgium’s racist way of thought, ethnic identity cards were introduced. The Catholic Church supported the Tutsi and the new social order and educated the Tutsi and imposed their religion on them. Though the population of Rwanda was ninety percent Hutu, they were denied land ownership, education, and positions of power. In the 1950’s, the end of the colonial period, the Hutu overthrew the Tutsi government. The Hutu maintained the practices of ethnic division, and the Tutsi were forcibly removed from positions of power. Many Tutsi fled from Rwanda and were not allowed to return. Many Tutsi that stayed in Rwanda were killed. Supported by Uganda, the Tutsi formed the Rwandan Patriotic Front, a rebel army. The rebel army was anxious to regain citizenship and their homes in Rwanda, and began a civil war that lasted four years. The world wide coffee market crashed, and coffee being the main export of Rwanda, led to unemployment and hunger of many Rwandans. This, along with pressure from Belgium for...

Vocabulary About Work in German

Vocabulary About Work in German Here is some work-related German vocabulary to practice with.die Arbeit - jobder Beruf/ die Karriere - careerdie Stelle - the positiondie Aufgabe - the taskdie ÃÅ"berstunde - overtimedie Vollzeitarbeit - full-time workdie Teilzeitarbeit - part-time workselbststndig - independentder Werktag - workdayder Feiertag - holidaydie Schichtarbeit - shift workdie Nachtschicht - night shiftdie Schwarzarbeit - moonlightingbeschftigen- to be occupieddas Personal - staffder Geschftsfà ¼hrer/ der Manager - managerder Kollege/ der Mitarbeiter - colleagueder Angestellte - employeeder Arbeitgeber - employerunterbezahlen - to underpayder Arbeitnehmer - employeein Streik treten - to go on strikeanwerben - to recruitdie Arbeitslosigkeit - unemploymentder Arbeitslose - unemployeddie Anwerbung - recruitmentdie Personalkà ¼rzung - staff cutbackstariflich festgelegt - contractualdie Einstellung - employmentdie Bewerbung - (job) applicationder Bewerber - apllicantbefà ¶rdern - to promotedie Teamarbeit - teamworkauf Stellensuche sein - to be job-huntingdie Erfahrung - experienceder Interview/ der Vortstellungsgesprch - interviewder Kopfjger - headhunterder Lebenslauf - curriculum vitaeder Arbeitsvertrag - employment contractder Arbeitsunfall - accident at workdie Versicherung - insurancedie Karriereleiter hinaufsteigen/ beruflich aufsteigen - to climb up the ladderzustndig fà ¼r - responsible forder Urlaub - vacationsich pensionieren - to retire

Food, GM foods, Monsanto (with China maybe) Essay

Food, GM foods, Monsanto (with China maybe) - Essay Example It also describes that how the overall process is conducted. The following write up describes the different pros and cons of genetically engineered food products along with the technologies used for the formation of the same. We also witness that how the pioneer company of genetically modified food production called Monsanto effects the market globally though the consequences are not always positive (Marie- Monique Robin in The World According to Monsanto, p.46). It will be noted that the difference in the response of the developed and the developing countries towards these advancements by mainly focusing on US, which provides the largest market for GM food products, and China, which is still a developed country. It will also be studied that the arrival and establishment of Monsanto in China and the overall responses of the country to Monsanto and all the other multinational companies as such (Michael Moss in The Extraordinary Science of Addictive Junk Food, p.129). Other books consu lted for this proposal include Getting Real About the High Price of Cheap Food, Story of Stuff, Food essays and Food, Inc. Genetic Engineering : Pros and Cons There are certain limitations to traditional breeding processes. It takes almost a decade to produce plant with the desired traits. Genetic engineering makes this process much faster as well as effective in the most precise way possible. This is done by separating the desired gene from the plant and inserting it directly into the DNA of the other plant by different electrical and chemical processes (John L Seitz, p.49). Genetic modification has broken the natural existing boundaries between different species. For example a frog and a mango can never breed naturally. But genetic modification can make this possible by inserting the genes of frog into the DNA of mango plant creating a new organism. Genetic modification is not only possible for plants and animals but also for humans (Michael Moss, p.125). Many biotechnology compan ies suggest that genetic engineering is the modification of same breeding process which has been used by the farmers since thousands of years. Plants and animals of different species have crossbred to create new species signifying that gene manipulation is completely natural. The only difference is that nature takes millions of years where as genetics can accomplish the same results in months. Long term effects of environment on genetically modified organisms are yet to be studied deeply (Michael Pollan, p.38). It is claimed that genetically modified crops provide a higher yield to the farmers in comparison to the conventional crop. GM crops are more economical as well. Genetic modification in the crops increases their resistance reducing the expense on herbicides and consequently decreasing the cost per acre (Francis Harris, p.165). However, farmers are required to purchase genetically modified seeds each year due to technology agreements adding to their expenses. Some critics clai m that GM crops might cause damage to small scale farmers as they will become indentured to agribusiness companies (Michael Moss, p.129). As a result cost per acre will also increase along with the yield. There are no issues regarding the safety of the food items already present in the market. But this does not mean that they are completely safe. Biotechnology advocates that there are no reasons for concern when

Consequences of Divorce for Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Consequences of Divorce for Children - Essay Example Without touch, even physiological systems will not function properly since the human skin is the first to develop and is the largest and the neediest sense organ (Linn et al., 1997: 29). Children in divorce-wreaked abodes generally lack parental touch due to the distress that the hurt and separation caused both parents, who need time alone and go through a process of grief, especially for one party who felt cheated. Studies of adolescents found a positive correlation between drug abuse and home environments with having little or no touch (Huttmann, 1993:168). Similarly, amidst the fact that a mother's care is critical during infancy, infants need touch and care from their fathers too, and little or lack of it will result to "abnormal" bonding behavior, such as the high amount of incestuous behavior among stepfathers who never had the chance to bond with their stepdaughters as infants (Hamilton,1985: 10). Studies show that when fathers interact with their infants, those infants thrive and grow up securely surrounded by the love of two parents rather than just one. The rate of development of children who frequently stayed with their fathers rather than just their mothers is found to be high (ibid). On the contrary, infants who are seldom touched tend to develop slower and are passive (Linn, et al., 1997: 30). Hence, it is apparent that in homes where the parents decide for divorce, the child is usually deprived of the needed frequent touch from each parent, and since legal laws provide the custody of children to the mother, it is often the father's touch that is missed. Based on this discussion, when the most striking impact of divorce happens at the time when the child is in infancy stage, the parents' lack of attention due to the grief that divorce had caused results in slow physical, social, and even mental development for the child (ibid). Erikson describes children in their early childhood as experiencing a conflict between autonomy vs. shame and doubt. Autonomy develops as the child tries to develop his own will and tries to get what he wants, while shame and doubt are the result if the child chooses his own will and consequently disappoints his mother (Cordes, 1985: 33). However, Erikson clarifies that when the child chooses his own will, he does not disconnect from his mother but rather seeks a separate sense of self in order to relate to her in new ways (Stern, 1985: 10). It may be inferred that children at this stage are learning many things; thus, they become their own person. They are learning how to talk, walk, and go where they want. Piaget posits that children in this stage can understand that divorce is something bad, that somebody must be responsible for this, and the concept of guilt does not enter their minds (Jensen and Mckee, 2003). Hence, during this stage, divorce is not related to guilt. Children m ake judgments from their own viewpoints and cannot easily imagine that there are other judgments other than their own (ibid). Erikson posits that it is important that at this stage of the child, parents are firm but loving so that the child will not grow into a little Hitler if they are too permissive, or will not be deeply hurt if they always say no to everything he wants. If children do not sense that they have a will, then anything

Adopting a simple profit-maximising perspective ..... can have Essay - 2

Adopting a simple profit-maximising perspective ..... can have positive impacts for a firm,Using examples where appropriate, discuss this assertion - Essay Example This paper will examine the positive impact of the firm by applying the profit maximization strategies and perspectives. Different aspects of profit maximization of the firms and their strategies in order to maximize their profit will be studied in this paper. Some firms achieve its profit maximizing objectives by developing and implementing several strategies by motivating its employees and managers, improving returns on investments, and increasing product awareness etc. Competitive strategies that a firm implement to maximize its profits are as follows: A firm can destabilize its competitors by increasing its market share and sell the products or services at the same prices as competitors do to maximize its profit and creating a positive impact on the firm. A firm having the capability to produce the product at low cost can maximize its profit easily and in short time(Business Plan Hut 2012). A firm uses differentiation strategy usually to gain a competitive advantage over the existing workers inside that firm. Profit maximizing firm adopts this strategy when a customer’s desire and wants are so varied that a consistent product do not satisfy their desire. When customers are placing more value on the differentiated products that a firm is providing to them, then they are force to pay high price to that firm which helps it to maximize its profit(Business Plan Hut 2012). To maximize a firm’s profit and creating a positive impact on that firm, a focus or niche strategy must be huge to give away a healthy profit to that firm. The firm that employs this competitive strategy to maximize its profit experiences a loyal customer base. This competitive strategy helps the firm to maximize its profit that has a positive impact on the firm. Focus Strategy tends to be beneficial for the firm to maximize its profit when the following factors are set: Oil companies believe in long-term profit maximization and avoid large short-term losses and show their

Declarative Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Declarative Knowledge - Essay Example As Schraw (2001) explains about the individuals who possess a greater quantity of procedural knowledge. He describes them as having the ability to carry out more errands than others. Declarative knowledge refers to the factual information occupied by a person; this type of knowledge can be stated verbally or textually. Declarative knowledge is the most important among the types of knowledge due to the fact that it talks 'about' the thing or process. If a person in unaware of the basic facts about a process or thing he cannot practice it ever. For instance, if you want to measure the weight of a body you must have the knowledge about its measurement tools and units. However, procedural knowledge is the knowledge which tells about carrying out some process. It talks about the 'how' perspective of a process. It tells how to use the formula or a given fact be used in finding something. For e.g. if one knows the formula of speed he cannot use it directly until he knows the process of usin g it. Similarly if one would not know the formula i.e. would not have Declarative knowledge, he would not be able to use procedural knowledge. Declarative knowledge at times does not have meaning and are forgotten by the individuals. But at times it is not necessary that this knowledge is forgotten as this type of knowledge is necessary for the individuals.

Consultation and Collaboration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Consultation and Collaboration - Research Paper Example Collaboration is essentials when ensuring that all students, including those with special needs, are included in the general classroom appropriately. The teachers and their counselor collaborators must also be aware of what the best approach to the use of collaboration to the benefit of the students is. Owing to the fact that teachers normally do not possess qualifications that are necessary in the provision of the best possible education to all students, using a counseling expert aids in the creation of appropriate environments for learning. While collaborative consultation happens away from the general classroom, whereby the counselor provides information to the teacher in the general classroom, it can also occur where a counselor consults many teachers in more than one classroom through offering help to students without being present during all lessons in the general classroom (Coleman & Yeh, 2008). The most popular form of consultation today in schools is the collaborative proces s model, while the expertise-driven model is a less popular method. In this collaborative consultation, the counselor works with the teachers in the school as a partner or as a co-expert (Kampwirth & Powers, 2012). This is different from the expertise-driven model of consultation that has the counselor as the only expert for the topic. Collaborative consultation is mainly focused on the building of rapport, finding solution to problems, as well as building the capacity for systemic-organizations, groups, or individuals to benefit the identified population of clients or single clients (Kampwirth & Powers, 2012). School counselors who use collaborative consultation processes can involve teachers and school principals as co-experts during the identification of contributing factors and the generation of solutions to issues concerning absenteeism of students (Kampwirth & Powers, 2012). The school counselor in the expertise-driven model undertakes the whole process alone in order to deter mine the best possible solution, which they then provide to the schoolteacher. School counselors are influenced in choosing the correct method of consultation based on various theoretical paradigms that govern the counselor’s and teacher’s viewpoint (Brigman, 2009). There is varied support for the framework of consultation with particular model premises being easily tested through the use of linear and empirical means than others. For this reason, it is essential for counselors in the school setting to investigate the framework that is supportive of their practice in effect. With regards to the developed frameworks for consultation, there are three main frameworks, which include behavioral-eclectic consultation, mental health consultation, and systemic-organizational consultation. The framework for mental health consultation focuses mainly on capacity building with regards to individual counselors so as to help them work well with their clients, issues that concern the ir clients, as well as the organizational context (Brigman, 2009). The behavioral-eclectic model of consultation has its main focus on the alteration of problem behaviors that are clearly articulated and engaged in by the clients whom the teachers have already identified. The process through which clients are involved in behavior change has the ability to improve individual counselor capacities. The framework of systemic-organiza

Alternative Pain Therapy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8750 words

Alternative Pain Therapy - Research Paper Example Tragedies that could otherwise been avoided have motivated me to do the research and study options of minimizing pain and assess whether they are better compared to the conventional methods being used. I would like to acknowledge my friends and family for their unwavering support throughout the research time. I would also like to thank and acknowledge my course professor and supervisor whose support and guidance really helped me to successfully complete this research paper. Abstract This project was titled alternative chronic pain treatments due to the idea that came up to me as result of the several tragic fatalities linked to analgesics that have occurred. Analgesics have been used to treat pains for quite a long time, but an incident in Afghanistan where a soldier massacred seventeen people due to side effects of the drug raised lots of concern. The literature review will further look at the various researches that have been associated with the side effects of analgesics. Differen t statistical reports and researches are illustrated in the literature review to back up these numerous theories. The motivation for this paper was large due to the fact that when solving a problem, there is always the endeavor to make the situation better than it was. However, this was not the case for the analgesics. As we will see in the literature review, soldiers are tremendously being affected by side effects of analgesics. From this observation, it can be said authoritatively that the study into the alternative pain relief methods is justified. The methodology went ahead and used descriptive statistical technique for its reliability and for the fact that it can be used comprehensively with both qualitative and quantitative statistical techniques. This gave room for the data to be collected through the various ways associated to the two different techniques. The data collection was done through structured questionnaires that were well pre-tested and administered to the target population. The data analysis was performed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), and the data presented using tables and figures. CHAPTER ONE Introduction Pain in human bodies always reflects an injury that requires medical attention and care. The nervous system is triggered to send information and alert the brain of a possible injury within the body. On the other hand, chronic pain is a very persistent and constant pain that never goes, it keeps occurring causing a lot of discomfort and inconvenience to an individual (National Institute of Health, 2013). Body pain causes a lot of discomfort to an individual irrespective of the short period of time they may take. Therefore, constant and repeatedly painful occurrence such as chronic pains should be addressed with the seriousness they deserve. Effective methods of handling the pain and helping the affected people feel relieved and better is indispensable (National Institu

Consultation and Collaboration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Consultation and Collaboration - Research Paper Example Collaboration is essentials when ensuring that all students, including those with special needs, are included in the general classroom appropriately. The teachers and their counselor collaborators must also be aware of what the best approach to the use of collaboration to the benefit of the students is. Owing to the fact that teachers normally do not possess qualifications that are necessary in the provision of the best possible education to all students, using a counseling expert aids in the creation of appropriate environments for learning. While collaborative consultation happens away from the general classroom, whereby the counselor provides information to the teacher in the general classroom, it can also occur where a counselor consults many teachers in more than one classroom through offering help to students without being present during all lessons in the general classroom (Coleman & Yeh, 2008). The most popular form of consultation today in schools is the collaborative proces s model, while the expertise-driven model is a less popular method. In this collaborative consultation, the counselor works with the teachers in the school as a partner or as a co-expert (Kampwirth & Powers, 2012). This is different from the expertise-driven model of consultation that has the counselor as the only expert for the topic. Collaborative consultation is mainly focused on the building of rapport, finding solution to problems, as well as building the capacity for systemic-organizations, groups, or individuals to benefit the identified population of clients or single clients (Kampwirth & Powers, 2012). School counselors who use collaborative consultation processes can involve teachers and school principals as co-experts during the identification of contributing factors and the generation of solutions to issues concerning absenteeism of students (Kampwirth & Powers, 2012). The school counselor in the expertise-driven model undertakes the whole process alone in order to deter mine the best possible solution, which they then provide to the schoolteacher. School counselors are influenced in choosing the correct method of consultation based on various theoretical paradigms that govern the counselor’s and teacher’s viewpoint (Brigman, 2009). There is varied support for the framework of consultation with particular model premises being easily tested through the use of linear and empirical means than others. For this reason, it is essential for counselors in the school setting to investigate the framework that is supportive of their practice in effect. With regards to the developed frameworks for consultation, there are three main frameworks, which include behavioral-eclectic consultation, mental health consultation, and systemic-organizational consultation. The framework for mental health consultation focuses mainly on capacity building with regards to individual counselors so as to help them work well with their clients, issues that concern the ir clients, as well as the organizational context (Brigman, 2009). The behavioral-eclectic model of consultation has its main focus on the alteration of problem behaviors that are clearly articulated and engaged in by the clients whom the teachers have already identified. The process through which clients are involved in behavior change has the ability to improve individual counselor capacities. The framework of systemic-organiza

History 1112 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History 1112 - Essay Example reatest of the social changes that occurred out of these contacts and interactions between the continents is colonization, where the Western/central Europe sought to colonize America and Africa, in search for resources, free labor and settlements (Prak, 41). Slavery is yet another social change that occurred, resulting to the shipment of Africans from their continent to Europe and America to provide the required free labor. A range of economic changes also took place as a result of these contacts. The first notable economic change that occurred following the contacts is industrialization, which was majorly promoted by the availability of labor and raw material which could easily be sourced from America and Africa and then shipped to Europe (Prak, 60). Infrastructural development is yet the other economic change that occurred as a result of the contacts, where the Europeans had to construct infrastructural facilities in their colonies both in Africa and America, as well as at home to enhance the transportation of labor as well as raw materials required by the established

Beneficial of team work

Beneficial of team work Coming together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is success. Henry Ford I personally feel that team work is almost totally beneficial to an organisation and also to its members. Researchers suggest that individuals are better than teams at generating new ideas, but the teams are better than individuals at evaluating ideas. Before advancing into the argument, let us first try to understand what does the term Team actually mean and in turn to understand it we should figure out what does a Group mean. A group is a collection of two or more people who often have a face to face interaction among themselves and work in an interdependent manner in order to achieve their common goals. As mentioned by Katzenbach Smith, a team is an extraordinary form of a formalised group. He states that a team consists of a small number of people who all are committed to serve a common purpose and achieve their performance goals. It generally operates with a common approach and the people in it are always mutually accountable. Having got an idea of what a team really means, now let us try to get a pinch of some of the issues that are being faced by them. The following should be taken care for the proper functioning of a team, A pleasant atmosphere should be maintained within it and all its members should sustain a good relationship among themselves. All the members should be made to actively participate in the team. The members should all be made aware and also accept their team goals the up to date informations should be shared among them. If any misunderstanding arises in the team, they should be resolved as and when possible. Since decision making holds a higher degree of importance, all the team members must be made to participate in it. Performance evaluation should be carried out frequently. Labour should be equally divided among all the members and they should be given the freedom to express their concerns. In order for the team work to be beneficial to an organisation and its employees the practise of it should be made efficient enough. The effectiveness of such a team could be determined by factors like its design, overall composition and the processes it follows whereas Hackman suggests three different criterias for assessing a teams effectiveness. Firstly, it is the actual output of the team. Secondly, the entire team should work as a performing unit. Thirdly, each member of the team should be satisfied with the experience of working in it. As already stated now let us study in detail about the various factors that contributes to the effective working of a team. Effort There are some factors which intensifies the quantity of effort the members of the team disburse on carrying out the given task, Work Design The motivating factor of the team very much relies on its work design. Hackman states that a higher degree of effort is achieved from the team only if the task they perform is found to be challenging, has a major impact on the organisation or its clients, is totally owned by the team and if it gives out regular feedback on the team members performance. Reward System Efforts will be higher if there is a reward system in place. It provides the team with challenging objectives and emphasizes their accomplishment. Hence it directly paves way for the team members growth and indirectly aids the organisations augmentation. Knowledge and Skill The members of the team should be both technically as well functionally competent. The effective performance of a team mainly depends on the resources (Knowledge and Skill) it possesses in order to complete the given job. The factors that should be taken care are, Team Composition A teams composition is mainly determined by the level of expertise it has pertaining to the performing task. But normally the teams composition is determined either by seniority or by personal predilections instead of taking into account the ability or the technical expertise it possesses. Team Size Though many teams in an organisation tend to be large, it does not paves way for the effective functioning of the team. The major issue being that if the number of members in a teams increases then the degree of interaction within the team decreases to a greater extent. In addition some people will start finding it difficult to make their contributions. As stated by Handy, the first and foremost reason for the above is that a tendency would start arising for those who make huge contributions to employ most influence and vice versa. The second factor being that the people who are devoid of their contribution could deny the team of their relevant knowledge and skills. Performance Strategies Hackman states that a team would almost employ a task appropriate performance strategy based on the following three conditions, Firstly, the concern about the amount of information available for the team members to be made use while assessing their performance. Secondly, the concern is about the interaction that takes place within the team members which in turn encourages them to make use of the information available. The teams before getting into the actual must do some pre-work to figure out what the work is all about and the process which they should employ. Thirdly, the team interaction not only paves way for newer ideas but also helps the team to no get deviated from the strategic implementation of their ideas. In spite of taking good care during some instances there seems to be some deviation from the chosen approach, which in turn is mainly due to the lacking of quality in the decision making process. Decision Making One of the major factors pursued by a team in order to achieve good results both for the organisation and its members is the Decision Making. All the members of the team should be actively made to participate in the decision making process. Biasing is an important factor that arises during the decision making process. The one being the general biasing where even though there seems to be an abundance of information across all the team members, it is always some peoples voice which could be heard in the decision making process owing to their seniority. The second kind of biasing is called the Epistemic Freezing, which means the team tends to come up with an opinion and once it is shaped up it is left all alone i.e., it is literally let to freeze out. The teams normally make accurate decisions when compared to the individuals. There are two reasons to support it. Firstly, when all the members of the team are brought together they all in turn bring about a diversity of knowledge and information which could not be obtained from a single person. Secondly, there would be different approaches by different kinds of people in a team for the problem in progress. The teams should comprise of a good mix of people in order to make the decision making process effective. It should have a combination with different levels of experiences in the problem they are dealing with. The status of the team members should never be considered in the decision making process, this is because the members with a higher status always try to have some amount of influence on the teams solution to the given problem which in some scenarios could be wrong. There are number of techniques for performing the decision making process in a team. Some of them are as follows, Brainstorming A team of about five to ten people sit together and discuss for about an hour about the issues on which they need to generate newer ideas. It is normally the lead person who initiates the meeting. The entire conversation between the team members are recorded for later assessment. Delphi Technique The actual face to face interaction among the team members does not takes place. Initially each member of the group writes down his ideas and solutions to the reported problem, which are then updated in a common database. Each member of the team are then sent a copy of the other members contributions and are all expected give out their comments for the same. The above process is repeated until the team arrives at a common solution. Stages of Team Development There are five stages in the development process of a team. The teams though often keep changing the order of development owing to the constant change of members in it. Forming The actual formation of the team takes place in this stage. The team interacts and learns about the challenges and agrees on their goals. This is considered as the most important stage as the basic interaction between the team members takes place here. Storming The team argues about the different ideas that are to be considered. Since all the team members actively participate, this stage is considered necessary for the growth of the team. Norming The team members start to adjust each others behaviour and make work to seem more natural and free flowing. They agree on each others rules working methods and ideas. A sense of mutual trust begins to develop among them. Performing The teams begin to perform their tasks as unit without any supervision. The members of the team tend to be become interdependent, motivated and knowledgeable. In this stage the team members care of the decision making processes by themselves. A teams success not only depends on its members but mainly on the kind of leader it has. A leader is one who guides as well as acts with his team to achieve their objectives. A good team should have leader who could portray different working styles and also be able to recognise the strengths of his team members as well as tolerate their weakness. Also an excellent team should not be stuck with the one person as its leader all the time. Team Building Team are often found to be more cohesive. The factors that add on to it are, The Common Task Teams always perform as closely tied unit since they work for achieving a common goal. This unified approach leads to a greater degree of cooperation and job satisfaction among its members which in turn helps the organisation to give out its deliverables at a faster rate. Communication When there is a better level of communication among the team members, they begin to help each other and make themselves to get a grip on all the processes. Hence communication paves way for the team to start working as an organised unit. Size The team should only have a maximum of 10-12 members. Increases in the number of members tend to have an adverse on the performance of the team. Belbin has suggested eight roles that could be used while building a team. They are, Company Workers A person who is hard working and self disciplined. He has good organising ability and is also pretty dutiful. Chairperson A person who has good idea about his team objectives. He is almost confident, calm and treats everyone in the team fairly. He is not all biased. Shaper As the name indicates he is the person who challenges and corrects all kinds of deficiencies that is prevalent in the team. Plant A person with higher degree of individualism and with radiant imagination and intellectual capabilities. Resource Investigator Someone who comes up with newer ideas and solutions for the reports problems. He communicates well with all his team members. Monitor Evaluator Someone having good judgemental capabilities and a practical attitude towards work. Team Worker He is always calm in nature and interacts with others and induces team spirit among them. Completer-Finisher An anxious person who follows order in each and everything he does and has a obsession towards perfection. Though team work always ends up in success, there are some scenarios which could result for its failure, If there are not enough knowledgeable people Conflicts between the members of the team owing to the portrayal of different characters Incapability of some to perform their assigned tasks Constant changing of the roles of the members within the team Lack of basic ethos to aid the team growth by the organisation